Abstract: As the most common environmental noise in urban areas, traffic noise has a negative impact on the healthy growth of children. In this paper, 65 studies in 13 countries are analyzed. It is found that the effects of long term exposure to traffic noise on children is mainly in three aspects:firstly affecting children's physical health, e.g. impairing children's hearing, disturbing their sleep and influencing their heart rate and blood pressure; secondly affecting their cognitive abilities, such as children's reading performance, memory, mathematics ability and attention; and thirdly affecting children's mental health to result in children's annoyance, pressure and behavior problems. Literature review finds that the following problems exist in current studies:1. different evaluation indexes and research paradigms lead to differences in research conclusions and 2. too many related factors interfere the research conclusion. Aiming at these problems, some countermeasures are put forward:the standardized index system and research paradigm should be constructed, and the sociological methods should be deeply used to make clear the impact of social environment on children. Moreover, a comprehensive study of traffic noise and traffic related air pollution should be conducted to clarify the confusion of traffic related air pollution to the conclusion.